Exploring Turkey: Guide for Tourists

Turkey, a land where the East meets West, offers a captivating blend of ancient history, vibrant culture, and breathtaking landscapes. From the bustling metropolis of Istanbul to the surreal landscapes of Cappadocia, Turkey presents an unforgettable travel experience. This comprehensive guide will provide US and UK tourists with essential information for planning their Turkish adventure.

Top Tourist Destinations in Turkey

Turkey boasts a wealth of attractions, catering to diverse interests. Here are some of the must-visit destinations:

• Istanbul: This transcontinental city seamlessly blends history and modernity. Explore iconic landmarks like the Hagia Sophia, Blue Mosque, and Topkapi Palace, wander through the vibrant Grand Bazaar (one of the largest and oldest covered markets in the world) 1 and Spice Market, and cruise along the enchanting Bosphorus Strait. Don’t miss a mesmerizing Bosphorus sunset cruise on a luxurious yacht1.
• Cappadocia: This geological wonderland is famed for its surreal “fairy chimneys” and ancient cave dwellings. Soar above the captivating landscape in a hot air balloon, explore the Göreme Open-Air Museum with its rock-cut churches, and delve into the depths of Kaymakli Underground City. Venture into the underground cities and ancient cave churches that offer a glimpse into early Christian life1.
• Ephesus: Journey back in time at the remarkably well-preserved ancient city of Ephesus. Stroll along marble streets lined with the remnants of grand temples, libraries, and theaters, and marvel at the Library of Celsus, a testament to Roman architectural prowess1.
• Pamukkale: Witness the ethereal beauty of Pamukkale, also known as the “Cotton Castle.” These dazzling white terraces of mineral-rich thermal waters have been attracting visitors for centuries. Take a dip in the warm pools and explore the ancient city of Hierapolis perched above1.
• Bodrum: Indulge in the vibrant coastal town of Bodrum, often referred to as the Turkish Saint-Tropez. Relax on pristine beaches, explore the historic Bodrum Castle, and savor delicious Aegean cuisine. For a change of scenery, take a boat trip to the Greek island of Kos3.
• Turkish Riviera: Experience the sun-drenched beauty of the Turkish Riviera, stretching along the Mediterranean coast. Discover stunning beaches, charming coastal towns, and ancient ruins1.
• Konya: Immerse yourself in the spiritual heart of Turkey in Konya, home to the renowned Sufi mystic Rumi. Visit the Mevlana Museum, where Rumi’s tomb is located, and witness the mesmerizing Sema ceremony of the Whirling Dervishes1.
• Antalya: Explore the vibrant city of Antalya, a gateway to the Turquoise Coast. Discover historical landmarks like Hadrian’s Gate, marvel at the Duden and Kursunlu waterfalls, and hike in the Taurus Mountains. Visit the Antalya Museum for insights into the region’s rich history4.
• Izmir: Delve into the historical city of Izmir, one of Turkey’s oldest settlements. Visit the 20th-century Clock Tower, explore the ancient Agora, and ascend Kadifekale, an ancient castle offering panoramic views5.
• Dalyan: Discover the ancient tombs carved into the cliffs of Dalyan, accessible by a scenic boat trip along the river. Explore the nearby ruins of ancient Caunos, relax on Iztuzu Beach, and indulge in therapeutic hot springs and mud baths6.
• Ayvalık: Experience the charm of Ayvalık, a picturesque coastal town with a rich history and beautiful beaches7.
• Lake Van: Explore the largest lake in Turkey, Lake Van, surrounded by stunning natural beauty and historical sites7.
• Ayder Plateau: Discover the lush landscapes of the Ayder Plateau, often referred to as the “Swiss Alps of Turkey.” 7
• Trabzon: Immerse yourself in the cultural hub of Trabzon, a city on the Black Sea coast with a rich history and vibrant atmosphere7.
• Şanlıurfa: Explore the ancient city of Şanlıurfa, steeped in history and religious significance7.
• Gaziantep: Indulge in the culinary delights of Gaziantep, known as Turkey’s culinary capital7.
• Uludağ National Park: Escape to the natural beauty of Uludağ National Park, a paradise for skiing and hiking enthusiasts7.
• Edirne: Experience the historical city of Edirne, known for its festivals and Ottoman-era architecture7.
• Bursa: Discover the historical city of Bursa, the first capital of the Ottoman Empire7.
• Kaş: Relax on the pristine beaches of Kaş, a picturesque seaside town on the Mediterranean coast7.

Visa Requirements for US and UK Citizens

• US Citizens: US citizens can visit Turkey for tourism or business for up to 90 days within a 180-day period without a visa. Ensure your passport is valid for at least six months beyond your arrival date and has at least one blank page for entry and exit stamps8. If you plan to stay longer than 90 days or for purposes other than tourism or business, such as work or study, you must apply for a residence permit or a long-term visa before the end of your 90-day stay8. Overstaying your visa can result in fines, deportation, and entry bans8. You can also apply for an e-Visa online no later than 48 hours before departure10. Official passport holders are required to have a visa to enter Turkey9.
• UK Citizens: Similar to US citizens, UK citizens can travel to Turkey for tourism or business purposes for up to 90 days in any 180-day period without a visa. However, your passport must be valid for at least 150 days from the date of arrival and at least three months after the date you leave11. If you want to stay in Turkey for more than 90 days, you must get a short-term residence permit before the end of your 90-day stay13. UK passport holders with “British National Overseas”, “British Subject”, and “British Protected Person” nationality are subject to visa requirements and must obtain a visa from a Turkish diplomatic or consular mission abroad14.

While visas are not required for short stays, it’s always advisable to check the latest travel advisories and entry requirements before your trip.

Popular Turkish Dishes and Restaurants

Turkish cuisine is a delightful fusion of flavors, influenced by its rich history and diverse regions. Here are some must-try dishes:

• Kebabs: Turkey is renowned for its kebabs, with variations like Adana Kebab (spicy ground meat), Shish Kebab (skewered and grilled meat), and Iskender Kebab (sliced grilled meat with tomato sauce and yogurt)15.
• Mezze: This selection of small, savory dishes is perfect for sharing. Indulge in hummus, baba ghanoush, dolma (stuffed grape leaves), and a variety of salads and dips15.
• Manti: These Turkish dumplings, often filled with minced lamb and topped with yogurt and spices, are a true culinary delight15.
• Baklava: This rich, sweet pastry made with layers of filo dough, filled with nuts, and soaked in syrup is a must-try dessert15.
• Lahmacun: Often referred to as “Turkish pizza,” this thin, crispy flatbread topped with minced meat, vegetables, and spices is a popular street food15.
• Pide: This boat-shaped flatbread is topped with various ingredients, such as cheese, meat, or vegetables, and baked in a wood-fired oven17.

When it comes to restaurants, Turkey offers a diverse range of options, from traditional “esnaf lokantasi” (tradesmen’s restaurants) serving home-style dishes to upscale dining experiences. Here are a few notable restaurants:

Cultural and Historical Sites in Turkey

Turkey’s rich history spans millennia, leaving behind a treasure trove of cultural and historical sites. Here are some notable attractions:

• Hagia Sophia: This architectural masterpiece in Istanbul has served as a church, a mosque, and now a museum, reflecting the city’s diverse past22.
• Ephesus: Explore the remarkably well-preserved ancient city of Ephesus, once a major Roman center. Don’t miss the Terrace Houses and a brothel dating back to the 4th century BC. Afterward, visit the Ephesus Museum to see artifacts and sculptural works uncovered at the site22.
• Göbekli Tepe: Discover the oldest known megaliths in the world at Göbekli Tepe, dating back to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic age22.
• Mount Nemrut: Witness the colossal statues and tomb-sanctuary of King Antiochos of Commagene atop Mount Nemrut22.
• Cappadocia: Explore the ancient cave churches and underground cities of Cappadocia, offering a glimpse into early Christian history22.
• Troy: Unearth the legendary city of Troy, immortalized in Homer’s epics1.
• Hattusha: Explore the ruins of Hattusha, the heart of the Hittite Empire, with its impressive fortifications, royal residences, and sacred sites like the Lion’s Gate and the rock sanctuary of Yazılıkaya24.
• Selimiye Mosque: Marvel at the architectural grandeur of the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, a masterpiece by the celebrated architect Mimar Sinan24.
• Aphrodisias: Discover the ancient city of Aphrodisias, dedicated to the goddess Aphrodite, and explore its well-preserved temples, theaters, and stadiums22.
• Archaeological Site of Ani: Journey to the medieval city of Ani, once the capital of Bagratid Armenia, and explore its impressive ruins, including churches and palaces22.
• Gordion: Uncover the ancient city of Gordion, the capital of Phrygia, and explore its historical remains, including the tomb of King Midas22.
• Arslantepe Mound: Delve into the archaeological site of Arslantepe Mound, an ancient city dating back to the Early Bronze Age22.
• Xanthos–Letoon: Explore the ancient Lycian cities of Xanthos and Letoon, with their impressive ruins and historical significance25.
• Pergamon: Discover the acropolis of Pergamon, offering insights into Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine urban planning and culture25.
• Anikabir: Visit Anikabir in Ankara, the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey26.
• Ancient Tombs in Dalyan: Discover the ancient tombs carved into the cliffs of Dalyan, accessible by a scenic boat trip along the river6.
• Ancient Ruins of Caunos: Explore the ancient ruins of Caunos near Dalyan, offering a glimpse into the region’s rich history6.
• Phrygian Temple of Cybele: Visit the Phrygian Temple of Cybele in Hierapolis, dating back to the Iron Age6.
• Aspendos: Marvel at the well-preserved Aspendos Theatre, known for its remarkable acoustics and Roman architecture27.
• Sumela Monastery: Discover the Sumela Monastery, a historic monastery perched dramatically on a cliffside in the Pontic Mountains27.
• Dolmabahce Palace: Explore the opulent Dolmabahce Palace in Istanbul, a blend of European and Ottoman architectural styles27.
• Özkonak Underground City: Venture into the Özkonak Underground City, another fascinating subterranean settlement in Cappadocia28.
• Tokalı Church, Elmalı Church, Yılanlı Church, Karanlık Church, Çarıklı Church, and other cave churches in Cappadocia: Discover the numerous cave churches in Cappadocia, each with its unique history and frescoes28.
• Asclepeion Ancient City: Explore the Asclepeion Ancient City in Pergamon, an ancient healing center dedicated to the god Asclepius28.
• Hatay Antakya Archeology Museum: Visit the Hatay Antakya Archeology Museum, home to a rich collection of artifacts from the region’s history28.
• Aphrodisias Museum: Discover the Aphrodisias Museum, showcasing artifacts and sculptures from the ancient city of Aphrodisias28.
• Antalya Archaeological Museum: Explore the Antalya Archaeological Museum, home to a vast collection of artifacts from the Antalya region28.
• Burdur Archaeology Museum: Visit the Burdur Archaeology Museum, showcasing artifacts from the ancient city of Sagalassos and other historical sites in the region28.
• Denizli Hierapolis Archeology Museum: Discover the Denizli Hierapolis Archeology Museum, showcasing artifacts from the ancient city of Hierapolis28.
• Hacı Bektaş Veli Museum: Explore the Hacı Bektaş Veli Museum, dedicated to the life and teachings of the Sufi mystic Haci Bektas Veli28.
• Istanbul Galata Mawlawi House Museum: Visit the Istanbul Galata Mawlawi House Museum, showcasing the history and traditions of the Mevlevi Order of Whirling Dervishes28.
• Rahmi Koc Museum: Discover the Rahmi Koc Museum, a fascinating museum dedicated to the history of transportation, industry, and communications28.
• Miniatürk: Explore Miniatürk, a miniature park showcasing models of Turkey’s most famous landmarks28.
• Archeology and Mummy Museum of Amasya: Visit the Archeology and Mummy Museum of Amasya, showcasing ancient artifacts and mummies from the region28.

Transportation Options within Turkey

Turkey offers a variety of transportation options for getting around:

• Domestic Flights: Turkey has a well-developed network of domestic flights connecting major cities and tourist destinations. Turkish Airlines, Pegasus Airlines, and AnadoluJet are some of the major airlines29.
• Buses: An extensive bus network connects cities and towns across Turkey. Major companies include Kamil Koç, Metro Turizm, and Pamukkale Turizm. Buses are a cost-effective and convenient option for long-distance travel29.
• Trains: The Turkish State Railways (TCDD) operates trains connecting major cities, including high-speed trains between Istanbul, Ankara, and Eskişehir. High-speed trains offer a comfortable and efficient way to travel between major cities29.
• Car Rental: Renting a car provides flexibility for exploring at your own pace, especially for reaching more remote areas. Turkey has one of the highest road quality ratings in the EU, ensuring well-maintained roads for a smooth driving experience29.
• Taxis and Ride-Sharing: Taxis are readily available in cities and towns. Ride-sharing apps like Uber and BiTaksi operate in major cities, offering a convenient alternative to traditional taxis29.
• Ferries: Turkey’s extensive coastline and numerous islands make ferries an essential part of the transportation network. Ferries connect Istanbul to various destinations on the Sea of Marmara, as well as across the Dardanelles Strait. There are also ferry services to Greek islands and Cyprus31. For ferry schedules and fares, check Feribot.net31.
• Dolmuş: Dolmuş (shared taxis) are a common form of transportation within cities and towns, offering a cost-effective and efficient way to get around32.
• Organized Tours and Private Guides: For a hassle-free and informative travel experience, consider organized tours or hiring a private guide. These options provide pre-planned itineraries, transportation, and expert guidance29.

Student Discounts: Students can benefit from special discounts on transportation within Turkey30.

Popular Tour Routes

Here are some popular tour routes for exploring Turkey:

• Istanbul to Cappadocia: This route takes you from the historical wonders of Istanbul to the surreal landscapes of Cappadocia. You can travel by car (7-8 hours), flight (1.5 hours plus a short drive), or overnight bus (10-12 hours)29.
• Istanbul to Ephesus: This route connects Istanbul to the ancient city of Ephesus. You can travel by car (5-6 hours), flight (1 hour plus a 1-hour drive), or bus (7-8 hours)29.
• Istanbul to Antalya: This route takes you from Istanbul to the vibrant coastal city of Antalya. You can travel by car (7-8 hours), flight (1 hour), or bus (10-12 hours)29.

Unique Turkish Experiences

• Turkish Bath (Hamam): Indulge in a traditional Turkish bath (hamam) for a relaxing and rejuvenating experience33.
• Paragliding in Oludeniz: Soar above the stunning landscapes of Oludeniz, one of the best paragliding destinations in the world33.
• Turkish Breakfast: Start your day with a traditional Turkish breakfast, a delightful spread of cheeses, olives, bread, jams, and other delicacies7.
• Hiking the Lycian Way: Embark on a hiking adventure along the Lycian Way, a scenic trail that winds through ancient ruins, coastal towns, and breathtaking landscapes4.
• Trekking in the Kaçkar Dağları: Explore the alpine Kaçkar Dağları, Turkey’s most rewarding mountains for trekking34.
• Trekking in the Toros (Taurus) Ranges: Discover the limestone Toros (Taurus) ranges, offering diverse trekking opportunities34.
• Climbing Mount Ararat: Challenge yourself with a climb to the summit of Mount Ararat, Turkey’s highest peak34.
• Climbing Erciyes Dağı: Ascend Erciyes Dağı, a volcanic peak offering exhilarating climbing experiences34.
• Climbing Süphan Dağı: Conquer Süphan Dağı, Turkey’s second-highest volcanic peak34.
• Waterskiing, Parasailing, Kite-surfing, Windsurfing, Sea Kayaking, and Whitewater Rafting: Enjoy a variety of water sports and activities along Turkey’s stunning coastline and rivers34.
• Birdwatching: Discover Turkey’s diverse birdlife, with various birdwatching hotspots across the country34.
• Jeep Safari to the Taurus Mountains: Embark on an adventurous jeep safari to the Taurus Mountains, exploring rugged terrain and scenic landscapes35.
• Rock Climbing at Aladaglar National Park: Challenge yourself with rock climbing at Aladaglar National Park, offering diverse climbing routes35.
• Food Tour in Istanbul: Indulge in a culinary adventure with a food tour in Istanbul, sampling a variety of Turkish delicacies and exploring local markets7.

Skiing in Turkey

Turkey offers several ski resorts for winter sports enthusiasts:

• Uludağ: Turkey’s best-known ski resort, Uludağ, offers a variety of slopes for all levels34.
• Saklıkent: Located near Antalya, Saklıkent offers skiing opportunities with stunning mountain views34.
• Davraz: Situated near Isparta, Davraz boasts reliable snow conditions and a range of slopes34.
• Kartalkaya: Located near Bolu, Kartalkaya offers excellent skiing conditions and modern facilities34.
• Palandöken: Near Erzurum, Palandöken boasts the longest season and best snow conditions in Turkey34.

Safety Tips for Tourists in Turkey

While Turkey is generally a safe country for tourists, it’s essential to exercise caution and be aware of potential risks:

• Terrorism: Be vigilant in crowded areas and tourist locations, including airports and at major events36.
• Petty Crime: Safeguard your belongings, especially in crowded places and on public transport37.
• Scams: Be wary of common scams targeting tourists, such as the “Euro-Lira” scam, the “Sales Magician” scam, the “Tour Trap” scam, the “Magic Carpet Ride” scam, and scams involving locals inviting travelers to bars and then requiring them to pay a steep bill38.
• Political Demonstrations: Avoid political gatherings and demonstrations, as they may become violent and unpredictable. Be aware that police may use tear gas to disperse crowds9.
• Road Safety: Exercise caution while driving, as traffic regulations are not always strictly followed. Drive defensively and be aware of local driving habits9.
• Cultural Sensitivity: Dress modestly and respect local customs, especially when visiting religious sites39.
• Celebratory Gunfire: Be aware that celebratory gunfire is common in some areas and has resulted in deaths9.
• Food and Drink Safety: Be cautious about accepting food or drinks from strangers, as there is a risk of food or drink spiking. Drink boiled or bottled water with sealed lids and avoid unpasteurized dairy products37.
• Animal Contact: Avoid contact with dogs and other mammals to minimize the risk of rabies and other diseases37.
• Natural Disasters: Turkey is prone to earthquakes and other natural disasters. Be aware of potential risks and familiarize yourself with emergency procedures38.
• Arbitrary Detentions and Exit Bans: Be aware of the possibility of arbitrary detentions and exit bans, especially for those perceived to be critical of the government36.
• Legal Restrictions: It is illegal to insult Turkey, its flag, the President, the government, or Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. It is also illegal to photograph military sites37.
• Personal Safety: Carry a photo ID at all times37. Stay at hotels with identifiable security measures36. Monitor local media for safety updates36. Enroll in the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) to receive travel alerts and make it easier to locate you in an emergency36. Prepare a contingency plan for emergency situations36. Review the Traveler’s Checklist36. Refer to the Country Security Report for Turkey for detailed safety information36. Obey the instructions of Turkish security personnel at all times9. Be aware of threats and acts of violence targeting religious minorities9. Be wary of new friends and acquaintances37. Avoid secluded parks and unlit areas37. Avoid ATMs on the street, especially at night37. Use ATMs in banks, shops, and shopping centers37.
• Turkey plugs primarily use Type C and Type F power outlets. Type C plugs have two round pins, while Type F plugs also have two round pins but include grounding clips. If your devices use different plug types, you’ll need a travel adapter to use them in Turkey. It’s always a good idea to check the voltage requirements of your devices as well, as Turkey operates on a 230V standard.

Driving in Turkey

If you plan to drive in Turkey, here are some essential things to keep in mind:

• Driver’s License: For stays up to 180 days, a valid US or UK driver’s license or an International Driving Permit (IDP) is acceptable. For stays longer than 180 days, obtain a Turkish driver’s license from the Turkish Security Directorate, Traffic Department9.
• Vehicle Import: You can bring a vehicle into Turkey for up to six months. For more information, refer to the Turkish Touring and Automobile Club9.
• Driving Habits: Drive defensively at all times. Drivers in Turkey may not always strictly follow traffic regulations. Be aware of local driving habits, such as driving through red lights, ignoring stop signs, and turning left from the far right lane9.
• Car Accidents: In case of an accident, pull to the side of the road, turn on hazard lights, and use reflector triangles. For accidents with only vehicular damage, exchange insurance information, take photos of the accident before moving the vehicles, and depart if both sides agree. For accidents with injury or a disagreement, remain at the site of the accident and do not move the vehicle until the Traffic Police arrive. Report the accident to the Traffic Police (dial 155) or Jandarma (dial 156). Obtain a certified copy of the official report from the Traffic Police office. The owner of the damaged vehicle should also apply to the customs authority with their passport and accident report before attempting to repair the vehicle or leave the country without the vehicle9.

Health Information

• COVID-19: As of February 14, 2023, Turkey lifted all COVID-19 entry regulations. However, the US CDC recommends that travelers be up-to-date with their COVID-19 vaccines10. For the latest travel health information, visit the CDC page36.

Currency Exchange Rates

• USD to Turkish Lira: The exchange rate for USD to TRY fluctuates. As of February 8, 2025, 1 USD is approximately equal to 35.98 TRY40.
• GBP to Turkish Lira: The exchange rate for GBP to TRY also varies. As of February 8, 2025, 1 GBP is approximately equal to 44.63 TRY41.

It’s advisable to exchange currency at banks or authorized exchange offices for the best rates. Avoid exchanging money on the street, as you may encounter unfavorable rates or counterfeit currency.

Travel Insurance

Travel insurance is highly recommended for your trip to Turkey. It can provide coverage for medical expenses, trip cancellations, lost luggage, and other unforeseen events38.

Travel Blogs and Articles

For firsthand accounts and travel inspiration, check out these travel blogs and articles:

• Turkish Travel Blog: This blog offers insights into various aspects of travel in Turkey, from historical sites to cultural experiences42.
• Rick Steves’ Travel Blog: This blog provides valuable travel tips and information, including detailed accounts of exploring different regions of Turkey43.
• The Blonde Abroad: This blog offers a female perspective on travel in Turkey, with tips for solo female travelers and insights into cultural experiences44.
• Crystal Travel Blog: This blog provides a comprehensive guide to Turkey, including itinerary suggestions, budget-friendly tips, and information on top attractions33.
• Borders of Adventure: This blog offers a realistic perspective on modern-day tourism in Turkey, including insights into cultural differences and safety considerations45.

Important Notes

• Entry and Exit Stamps: Ensure you get entry and exit stamps in your passport when entering and leaving Turkey. This is essential for domestic flights and future travel to Turkey9.

Conclusion

Turkey offers an enchanting blend of history, culture, and natural beauty, making it an ideal destination for travelers from the US and UK. By considering the information provided in this guide, you can plan a memorable and fulfilling Turkish adventure. Remember to immerse yourself in the local culture, savor the delicious cuisine, and explore the country’s diverse landscapes.